编译 | 林小辉的blog

# 编译

intro: Vue.js提供了2个版本，一个是Runtime + Complier的，一个是Runtime only的，前者是包含编译代码的，可以把编译过程放在运行时，后者是不包含编译代码的，需要借助webpack的vue-loader事先把模板编译成render函数。

###入口

当我们使用Runtime + Complier的Vue.js。它的入口是src/platforms/web/entry-runtime-with-compiler.js，其中$mount的定义为

const mount = Vue.prototype.$mount
Vue.prototype.$mount = function (
  el?: string | Element,
  hydrating?: boolean
): Component {
  el = el && query(el)

  /* istanbul ignore if */
  if (el === document.body || el === document.documentElement) {
    process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && warn(
      `Do not mount Vue to <html> or <body> - mount to normal elements instead.`
    )
    return this
  }

  const options = this.$options
  // resolve template/el and convert to render function
  if (!options.render) {
    let template = options.template
    if (template) {
      if (typeof template === 'string') {
        if (template.charAt(0) === '#') {
          template = idToTemplate(template)
          /* istanbul ignore if */
          if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && !template) {
            warn(
              `Template element not found or is empty: ${options.template}`,
              this
            )
          }
        }
      } else if (template.nodeType) {
        template = template.innerHTML
      } else {
        if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
          warn('invalid template option:' + template, this)
        }
        return this
      }
    } else if (el) {
      template = getOuterHTML(el)
    }
    if (template) {
      /* istanbul ignore if */
      if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && config.performance && mark) {
        mark('compile')
      }

      const { render, staticRenderFns } = compileToFunctions(template, {
        shouldDecodeNewlines,
        shouldDecodeNewlinesForHref,
        delimiters: options.delimiters,
        comments: options.comments
      }, this)
      options.render = render
      options.staticRenderFns = staticRenderFns

      /* istanbul ignore if */
      if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && config.performance && mark) {
        mark('compile end')
        measure(`vue ${this._name} compile`, 'compile', 'compile end')
      }
    }
  }
  return mount.call(this, el, hydrating)
}

编译的入口就是：

const { render, staticRenderFns } =  compileToFunctions(template, {
    shouldDecodeNewlines,
    shouldDecodeNewlinesForHref,
    delimiters: options.delimiters,
    comments: options.comments
  }, this)
options.render = render
options.staticRenderFns = staticRenderFns

compileToFunctions方法就是把模板template编译生成render以及staticRenderFns，它的定义在src/platforms/web/compiler/index.js中

import { baseOptions } from './options'
import { createCompiler } from 'compiler/index'

const { compile, compileToFunctions } = createCompiler(baseOptions)

export { compile, compileToFunctions }

compileToFunctions就是createCompiler的返回值，该方法接受一个编译配置的参数baseOptions，而createCompiler的方法定义在src/compiler/index.js

// `createCompilerCreator` allows creating compilers that use alternative
// parser/optimizer/codegen, e.g the SSR optimizing compiler.
// Here we just export a default compiler using the default parts.
export const createCompiler = createCompilerCreator(function baseCompile (
  template: string,
  options: CompilerOptions
): CompiledResult {
  const ast = parse(template.trim(), options)
  if (options.optimize !== false) {
    optimize(ast, options)
  }
  const code = generate(ast, options)
  return {
    ast,
    render: code.render,
    staticRenderFns: code.staticRenderFns
  }
})

createCompiler方法实际调用了createCompilerCreator方法返回的。它定义在src/compiler/create-compiler/js

export function createCompilerCreator (baseCompile: Function): Function {
  return function createCompiler (baseOptions: CompilerOptions) {
    function compile (
      template: string,
      options?: CompilerOptions
    ): CompiledResult {
      const finalOptions = Object.create(baseOptions)
      const errors = []
      const tips = []
      finalOptions.warn = (msg, tip) => {
        (tip ? tips : errors).push(msg)
      }

      if (options) {
        // merge custom modules
        if (options.modules) {
          finalOptions.modules =
            (baseOptions.modules || []).concat(options.modules)
        }
        // merge custom directives
        if (options.directives) {
          finalOptions.directives = extend(
            Object.create(baseOptions.directives || null),
            options.directives
          )
        }
        // copy other options
        for (const key in options) {
          if (key !== 'modules' && key !== 'directives') {
            finalOptions[key] = options[key]
          }
        }
      }

      const compiled = baseCompile(template, finalOptions)
      if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
        errors.push.apply(errors, detectErrors(compiled.ast))
      }
      compiled.errors = errors
      compiled.tips = tips
      return compiled
    }

    return {
      compile,
      compileToFunctions: createCompileToFunctionFn(compile)
    }
  }
}

该方法返回了一个createCompiler函数，它接受一个baseOptions的参数，返回是一个对象，包括compiler方法属性和compileToFunctions属性，这个compileToFunctions对应的就是$mount调用的compileToFunctions方法，它是调用createCompileToFunction方法返回值，它定义在src/compiler/to-function.js

export function createCompileToFunctionFn (compile: Function): Function {
  const cache = Object.create(null)

  return function compileToFunctions (
    template: string,
    options?: CompilerOptions,
    vm?: Component
  ): CompiledFunctionResult {
    options = extend({}, options)
    const warn = options.warn || baseWarn
    delete options.warn

    /* istanbul ignore if */
    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
      // detect possible CSP restriction
      try {
        new Function('return 1')
      } catch (e) {
        if (e.toString().match(/unsafe-eval|CSP/)) {
          warn(
            'It seems you are using the standalone build of Vue.js in an ' +
            'environment with Content Security Policy that prohibits unsafe-eval. ' +
            'The template compiler cannot work in this environment. Consider ' +
            'relaxing the policy to allow unsafe-eval or pre-compiling your ' +
            'templates into render functions.'
          )
        }
      }
    }

    // check cache
    const key = options.delimiters
      ? String(options.delimiters) + template
      : template
    if (cache[key]) {
      return cache[key]
    }

    // compile
    const compiled = compile(template, options)

    // check compilation errors/tips
    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
      if (compiled.errors && compiled.errors.length) {
        warn(
          `Error compiling template:\n\n${template}\n\n` +
          compiled.errors.map(e => `- ${e}`).join('\n') + '\n',
          vm
        )
      }
      if (compiled.tips && compiled.tips.length) {
        compiled.tips.forEach(msg => tip(msg, vm))
      }
    }

    // turn code into functions
    const res = {}
    const fnGenErrors = []
    res.render = createFunction(compiled.render, fnGenErrors)
    res.staticRenderFns = compiled.staticRenderFns.map(code => {
      return createFunction(code, fnGenErrors)
    })

    // check function generation errors.
    // this should only happen if there is a bug in the compiler itself.
    // mostly for codegen development use
    /* istanbul ignore if */
    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
      if ((!compiled.errors || !compiled.errors.length) && fnGenErrors.length) {
        warn(
          `Failed to generate render function:\n\n` +
          fnGenErrors.map(({ err, code }) => `${err.toString()} in\n\n${code}\n`).join('\n'),
          vm
        )
      }
    }

    return (cache[key] = res)
  }
}

compileToFunctions最终的定义里，它接受三个参数，编译模板template，编译配置options和Vue实例vm

const compiled = compile(template, options)

compile函数在执行createCompileToFunctionFn的时候作为传入参数、

function compile (
  template: string,
  options?: CompilerOptions
): CompiledResult {
  const finalOptions = Object.create(baseOptions)
  const errors = []
  const tips = []
  finalOptions.warn = (msg, tip) => {
    (tip ? tips : errors).push(msg)
  }

  if (options) {
    // merge custom modules
    if (options.modules) {
      finalOptions.modules =
        (baseOptions.modules || []).concat(options.modules)
    }
    // merge custom directives
    if (options.directives) {
      finalOptions.directives = extend(
        Object.create(baseOptions.directives || null),
        options.directives
      )
    }
    // copy other options
    for (const key in options) {
      if (key !== 'modules' && key !== 'directives') {
        finalOptions[key] = options[key]
      }
    }
  }

  const compiled = baseCompile(template, finalOptions)
  if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
    errors.push.apply(errors, detectErrors(compiled.ast))
  }
  compiled.errors = errors
  compiled.tips = tips
  return compiled
}

compile 函数执行的逻辑是先处理配置参数，真正执行编译过程就一行代码

const compiled = baseCompile(template, finalOptions)

baseCompile 在执行 createCompilerCreator 方法时作为参数传入，如下：

export const createCompiler = createCompilerCreator(function baseCompile (
  template: string,
  options: CompilerOptions
): CompiledResult {
  const ast = parse(template.trim(), options)
  optimize(ast, options)
  const code = generate(ast, options)
  return {
    ast,
    render: code.render,
    staticRenderFns: code.staticRenderFns
  }
})

这里即为编译的入口，它主要执行了如下几个逻辑：

解析模板字符串，生成ast

const ast = parse(template.trim(), options)

优化语法树

optimize(ast, options)

生成代码

const code = generate(ast, options)

brief: Vue.js在不同的平台下都会有编译过程，因此编译过程中的依赖配置项baseOptions会有所不用。

# parse

变成过程首先就是对模板做解析，生成AST，它是一种抽象语法树，是对源代码的抽象语法结构的树状表现形式。在很多编译技术中，如babel编译ES6的代码都会生成AST。

举例：

<ul :class="bindCls" class="list" v-if="isShow">
    <li v-for="(item,index) in data" @click="clickItem(index)">{{item}}:{{index}}</li>
</ul>

经过parse过程后，生成的AST如下:

ast = {
  'type': 1,
  'tag': 'ul',
  'attrsList': [],
  'attrsMap': {
    ':class': 'bindCls',
    'class': 'list',
    'v-if': 'isShow'
  },
  'if': 'isShow',
  'ifConditions': [{
    'exp': 'isShow',
    'block': // ul ast element
  }],
  'parent': undefined,
  'plain': false,
  'staticClass': 'list',
  'classBinding': 'bindCls',
  'children': [{
    'type': 1,
    'tag': 'li',
    'attrsList': [{
      'name': '@click',
      'value': 'clickItem(index)'
    }],
    'attrsMap': {
      '@click': 'clickItem(index)',
      'v-for': '(item,index) in data'
     },
    'parent': // ul ast element
    'plain': false,
    'events': {
      'click': {
        'value': 'clickItem(index)'
      }
    },
    'hasBindings': true,
    'for': 'data',
    'alias': 'item',
    'iterator1': 'index',
    'children': [
      'type': 2,
      'expression': '_s(item)+":"+_s(index)'
      'text': '{{item}}:{{index}}',
      'tokens': [
        {'@binding':'item'},
        ':',
        {'@binding':'index'}
      ]
    ]
  }]
}

可以看到，生成的AST是一个树状结构，每一个节点都是一个ast element，除了它自身的一些属性，还维护了它的父子关系，如parent指向它的父节点，children指向它的所有子节点。先对AST有一些直观的印象。

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